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A client can authenticate requests to Direct Line API 3.0 either by using a secret that you obtain from the Direct Line channel configuration page in the Bot Framework Portal or by using a token that you obtain at runtime. The secret or token should be specified in the
Authorization
header of each request, using this format:Tutorial on AWS credentials and how to configure them using Access keys, Secret keys, and IAM roles. We teach you how to install the AWS Command Line Interface (CLI), create an access/secret key in IAM, configure credentials and profiles for AWS CLI and SDKs, what IAM roles are and when to use them, and more! I am new to Rails 4, and do not understand the use of secretkeybase under config/secrets.yml in Rails 4. Can you please explain this concept? Also, when I am working in the production environment, I am prompted to set the secretkey with devise.rb, config.secretkey, and secretkeybase.However, I can generate a new secret using the rake secret command.
Secrets and tokens
A Direct Line secret is a master key that can be used to access any conversation that belongs to the associated bot. A secret can also be used to obtain a token. Secrets do not expire.
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A Direct Line token is a key that can be used to access a single conversation. A token expires but can be refreshed.
Deciding when or if to use the secret key or a token must be based on security considerations.Exposing the secret key could be acceptable if done intentionally and with care. As matter of a fact, this is the default behavior because this allows Direct Line to figure out if the client is legitimate.Generally speaking though, security is a concern if you're trying to persist user data.For more information, see section Security considerations.
If you're creating a service-to-service application, specifying the secret in the
Authorization
header of Direct Line API requests may be simplest approach. If you're writing an application where the client runs in a web browser or mobile app, you may want to exchange your secret for a token (which only works for a single conversation and will expire unless refreshed) and specify the token in the Authorization
header of Direct Line API requests. Choose the security model that works best for you.Note
Your Direct Line client credentials are different from your bot's credentials. This enables you to revise your keys independently and lets you share client tokens without disclosing your bot's password.
Get a Direct Line secret
You can obtain a Direct Line secret via the Direct Line channel configuration page for your bot in the Azure Portal:
Generate a Direct Line token
To generate a Direct Line token that can be used to access a single conversation, first obtain the Direct Line secret from the Direct Line channel configuration page in the Azure Portal. Then issue this request to exchange your Direct Line secret for a Direct Line token:
In the
Authorization
header of this request, replace SECRET with the value of your Direct Line secret.The following snippets provide an example of the Generate Token request and response.
Request
The request payload, which contains the token parameters, is optional but recommended. When generating a token that can be sent back to the Direct Line service, provide the following payload to make the connection more secure. By including these values, Direct Line can perform additional security validation of the user ID and name, inhibiting tampering of these values by malicious clients. Including these values also improves Direct Line's ability to send the conversation update activity, allowing it to generate the conversation update immediately upon the user joining the conversation. When this information is not provided, the user must send content before Direct Line can send the conversation update.
Parameter | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
user.id | string | Optional. Channel-specific ID of the user to encode within the token. For a Direct Line user, this must begin with dl_ . You can create a unique user ID for each conversation, and for better security, you should make this ID unguessable. |
user.name | string | Optional. The display-friendly name of the user to encode within the token. |
trustedOrigins | string array | Optional. A list of trusted domains to embed within the token. These are the domains that can host the bot's Web Chat client. This should match the list in the Direct Line configuration page for your bot. |
Response
If the request is successful, the response contains a
token
that is valid for one conversation and an expires_in
value that indicates the number of seconds until the token expires. For the token to remain useful, you must refresh the token before it expires.Generate Token versus Start Conversation
The Generate Token operation (
POST /v3/directline/tokens/generate
) is similar to the Start Conversation operation (POST /v3/directline/conversations
) in that both operations return a token
that can be used to access a single conversation. However, unlike the Start Conversation operation, the Generate Token operation does not start the conversation, does not contact the bot, and does not create a streaming WebSocket URL.Generate Access Key And Secret Stackoverflow Number
If you plan to distribute the token to clients and want them to initiate the conversation, use the Generate Token operation. If you intend to start the conversation immediately, use the Start Conversation operation instead.
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Refresh a Direct Line token
A Direct Line token can be refreshed an unlimited amount of times, as long as it has not expired. An expired token cannot be refreshed. To refresh a Direct Line token, issue this request:
In the
Authorization
header of this request, replace TOKEN_TO_BE_REFRESHED with the Direct Line token that you want to refresh.The following snippets provide an example of the Refresh Token request and response.
Request
Response
If the request is successful, the response contains a new
token
that is valid for the same conversation as the previous token and an expires_in
value that indicates the number of seconds until the new token expires. For the new token to remain useful, you must refresh the token before it expires.Azure Bot Service authentication
The information presented in this section is based on the Add authentication to your bot via Azure Bot Service article.
Azure Bot Service authentication enables you to authenticate users to and get access tokens from a variety of identity providers such as Azure Active Directory, GitHub, Uber and so on. You can also configure authentication for a custom OAuth2 identity provider. All this enables you to write one piece of authentication code that works across all supported identity providers and channels. To utilize these capabilities you need to perform the following steps:
- Statically configure
settings
on your bot that contains the details of your application registration with an identity provider. - Use an
OAuthCard
, backed by the application information you supplied in the previous step, to sign-in a user. - Retrieve access tokens through Azure Bot Service API.
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Security considerations
When you use Azure Bot Service authentication with Web Chat there are some important security considerations you must keep in mind.
- Impersonation. Impersonation here means an attacker makes the bot thinks he is someone else. In Web Chat, an attacker can impersonate someone else by changing the user ID of his Web Chat instance. To prevent this, it is recommend to bot developers to make the user ID unguessable.If you enable enhanced authentication options, Azure Bot Service can further detect and reject any user ID change. This means the user ID (
Activity.From.Id
) on messages from Direct Line to your bot will always be the same as the one you initialized the Web Chat with. Note that this feature requires the user ID starts withdl_
.NoteWhen a User.Id is provided while exchanging a secret for a token, that User.Id is embedded in the token. DirectLine males sure the messages sent to the bot have that id as the activity's From.Id. If a client sends a message to DirectLine having a different From.Id, it will be changed to the Id in the token before forwarding the message to the bot. So you cannot use another user id after a channel secret is initialized with a user id - User identities. You must be aware that your are dealing with two user identities:
- The user’s identity in a channel.
- The user’s identity in an identity provider that the bot is interested in.
When a bot asks user A in a channel to sign-in to an identity provider P, the sign-in process must assure that user A is the one that signs into P.If another user B is allowed to sign-in, then user A would have access to user B’s resource through the bot. In Web Chat we have 2 mechanisms for ensuring the right user signed in as described next.- At the end of sign-in, in the past, the user was presented with a randomly generated 6-digit code (aka magic code). The user must type this code in the conversation that initiated the sign-in to complete the sign-in process. This mechanism tends to result in a bad user experience. Additionally, it is still susceptible to phishing attacks. A malicious user can trick another user to sign-in and obtain the magic code through phishing.
- Because of the issues with the previous approach, Azure Bot Service removed the need for the magic code. Azure Bot Service guarantees that the sign-in process can only be completed in the same browser session as the Web Chat itself.To enable this protection, as a bot developer, you must start Web Chat with a Direct Line token that contains a list of trusted domains that can host the bot’s Web Chat client. Before, you could only obtain this token by passing an undocumented optional parameter to the Direct Line token API. Now, with enhanced authentication options, you can statically specify the trusted domain (origin) list in the Direct Line configuration page.
See also Add authentication to your bot via Azure Bot Service.
Code examples
The following .NET controller works with enhanced authentication options enabled and returns a Direct Line Token and user ID.
The following JavaScript controller works with enhanced authentication options enabled and returns a Direct Line Token and user ID.
Additional resources
[ aws . iam ]
Description¶
Creates a new AWS secret access key and corresponding AWS access key ID for the specified user. The default status for new keys is Active .
If you do not specify a user name, IAM determines the user name implicitly based on the AWS access key ID signing the request. This operation works for access keys under the AWS account. Consequently, you can use this operation to manage AWS account root user credentials. This is true even if the AWS account has no associated users.
For information about limits on the number of keys you can create, see Limitations on IAM Entities in the IAM User Guide .
Warning
To ensure the security of your AWS account, the secret access key is accessible only during key and user creation. You must save the key (for example, in a text file) if you want to be able to access it again. If a secret key is lost, you can delete the access keys for the associated user and then create new keys.
See also: AWS API Documentation
See 'aws help' for descriptions of global parameters.
Synopsis¶
Options¶
--user-name (string)
The name of the IAM user that the new key will belong to.
This parameter allows (through its regex pattern ) a string of characters consisting of upper and lowercase alphanumeric characters with no spaces. You can also include any of the following characters: _+=,.@-
--cli-input-json (string)Performs service operation based on the JSON string provided. The JSON string follows the format provided by --generate-cli-skeleton. If other arguments are provided on the command line, the CLI values will override the JSON-provided values. It is not possible to pass arbitrary binary values using a JSON-provided value as the string will be taken literally.
--generate-cli-skeleton (string)Prints a JSON skeleton to standard output without sending an API request. If provided with no value or the value input, prints a sample input JSON that can be used as an argument for --cli-input-json. If provided with the value output, it validates the command inputs and returns a sample output JSON for that command.
See 'aws help' for descriptions of global parameters.
Examples¶
To create an access key for an IAM user
The following create-access-key command creates an access key (access key ID and secret access key) for the IAM user named Bob:
Output:
Store the secret access key in a secure location. If it is lost, it cannot be recovered, and you must create a new access key.
For more information, see Managing Access Keys for IAM Users in the Using IAM guide.
Output¶
AccessKey -> (structure)
A structure with details about the access key.
UserName -> (string)
The name of the IAM user that the access key is associated with.
AccessKeyId -> (string)
Status -> (string)
The status of the access key. Active means that the key is valid for API calls, while Inactive means it is not.
SecretAccessKey -> (string)
CreateDate -> (timestamp)
The date when the access key was created.